The Early, High and Late Middle Ages

Although in some languages the Middle Ages are labeled in the singular (its le moyen age in French and das mittlere Alter in German), it is difficult to think of the era as anything other than ages plural. This is in part because of the numerous subjects encompassed by this long period of time, and in part because of the chronological sub-eras within the era. Generally, the medieval era is divided into three periods: the Early Middle Ages, the High Middle Ages, and the Late Middle Ages. Like the Middle Ages itself, each of these three periods lacks hard and fast parameters. Early Middle Ages The Early Medieval Era is sometimes still called the Dark Ages. This epithet originated with those who wanted to compare the earlier period unfavorably with their own so-called enlightened age. Modern scholars who have actually studied the time period would not so readily use the label, since passing judgment on the past interferes with a true understanding of the time and its people. Yet the term is still somewhat apt for the simple reason that we know relatively little about events and material culture in those times. This era is often considered, to begin with, the fall of Rome and end sometime in the 11th century. It encompasses the reigns of ​Charlemagne, Alfred the Great, and the Danish Kings of England; it saw frequent Viking activity, the Iconoclastic Controversy, and the birth and rapid expansion of Islam in Northern Africa and Spain. Over these centuries, Christianity spread throughout much of Europe, and the Papacy evolved into a powerful political entity. The Early Middle Ages are also sometimes referred to as Late Antiquity. This time period is usually viewed as beginning in the third century and stretching to the seventh century, and sometimes as late as the eighth. Some scholars see Late Antiquity as distinct and separate from both the Ancient world and the Medieval one; others see it as a bridge between the two where significant factors from both eras overlap. High Middle Ages The High Medieval Era is the period of time that seems to typify the Middle Ages best. Usually beginning with the 11th century, some scholars end it in 1300 and others extend it for as much as another 150 years. Even limiting it to a mere 300 years, the High Middle Ages saw such significant events as Norman conquests in Britain and Sicily, the earlier Crusades, the Investiture Controversy and the signing of the Magna Carta. By the end of the 11th century, nearly every corner of Europe had become Christianized (with the notable exception of much of Spain), and the Papacy, long established as a political force, was in constant struggle with some secular governments and alliance with others. This period is often what we think of when someone mentions medieval culture. It is sometimes referred to as the flowering of medieval society, thanks to an intellectual renaissance in the 12th century, such notable philosophers as Peter Abelard and Thomas Aquinas, and the establishment of such Universities as those in Paris, Oxford, and Bologna. There was an explosion of stone castle-building and the construction of some of the most magnificent cathedrals in Europe. In terms of material culture and political structure, the High Middle Ages saw medievalism at its peak. What we call feudalism today was firmly established in Britain and parts of Europe; trade in luxury items, as well as staples, flourished; towns were granted charters of privilege and even established anew by ​feudal lords with alacrity, and a well-fed population was beginning to burgeon. By the end of the thirteenth century, Europe was at an economic and cultural height, perched at the verge of a downturn.​ Late Middle Ages The end of the Middle Ages can be characterized as a transformation from the medieval world to the early modern one. It is often considered to begin in 1300, though some scholars look at the mid- to late-fifteenth century as the beginning of the end. Once again, the end of the end is debatable, ranging from 1500 to 1650. Cataclysmic and awesome events of the 14th century include the Hundred Years War, the Black Death, the Avignon Papacy, the Italian Renaissance, and the Peasants Revolt. The 15th century saw Joan of Arc burned at the stake, the fall of Constantinople to the Turks, the Moors were driven from Spain and the Jews expelled, the Wars of the Roses and the voyage of Columbus to the New World. The 16th century was wracked by the Reformation and blessed by the birth of Shakespeare. The 17th century, rarely included within the medieval era, saw the Great Fire of London, a rash of witch hunts, and the Thirty Years War. Though famine and disease had always been a lurking presence, the Late Medieval era saw the horrific results of both in abundance. The Black Death, preceded by famine and overpopulation, wiped out at least a third of Europe and marked the end of the prosperity that had characterized the high medieval era. The Church, once so highly respected by the general populace, suffered reduced status when some of its priests refused to minister to the dying during the plague and sparked resentment when it enjoyed enormous profits in bequests from plague victims. More and more towns and cities were wresting control of their own governments from the hands of the clergy or nobility that had previously ruled them. And the reduction in population triggered economic and political changes that would never be reversed. High medieval society had been characterized by the corporation. The nobility, the clergy, the peasantry, the guilds—all were group entities that saw to the welfare of their members but put the welfare of the community, and their own community in particular, first. Now, as was reflected in the Italian Renaissance, a new regard for the value of the individual was growing. By no means was late medieval nor early modern society a culture of equality, but the seeds of the idea of human rights had been sown. The viewpoints examined in the previous pages are by no means the only ways to look at the Middle Ages. Anyone studying a smaller geographical area, such as Great Britain or the Iberian Peninsula, will much more easily discover start- and end-dates for the era. Students of art, literature, sociology, militaria, and any number of subjects will each find specific turning points pertinent to their topic of interest. And I dont doubt that you, too, will see a particular event that strikes you as possessed of such towering importance that it defines the beginning or end of the medieval era for you. The comment has been made that all historical eras are arbitrary definitions and, therefore, how the Middle Ages is defined really has no significance. I believe that the true historian will find something lacking in this approach. Defining historical eras not only makes each era more accessible to the newcomer, it helps the serious student identify interrelated events, recognize patterns of cause and effect, understand the influence of a periods culture on those who lived within it and, ultimately, find a deeper meaning in the story of our past. So make your own choice, and reap the benefits of approaching the Middle Ages from your own unique perspective. Whether you are a serious scholar following the path of higher education or a devoted amateur like me, any conclusions you can support with facts will not only have validity but will help you make the Middle Ages your own. And do not be surprised if your view of Medieval times changes over the course of your studies. My own outlook has certainly evolved in the last 25 years, and will most likely continue to do so as long as the Middle Ages continues to hold me in its thrall.

A Beginners Guide to Delphi

Our  Delphi Programming site proudly presents free online programming courses for (beginner) Delphi developers! Quick Launch Turbo Delphi Tutorial: For Novice and Non-ProgrammersThis series of tutorials is oriented to those who want to take their chance in the world of software development, it is designed to teach the complete beginner (read: non-programmer) how to become a programmer using Delphi.Delphi for BeginnersThis free online course is perfect for beginner developers as well as for those who want a broad overview of the art of programming Win32 applications with Borland Delphi. Focus on Delphi 6.Delphi Database Programming. You can take this as an Email CourseDevelopers will learn how to design, develop and test a database application using ADO with Delphi. This course focuses on the most common uses of ADO in a Delphi application: Connecting to a database using TADOConnection, work with Tables and Queries, handle database exception, create reports, etc.Learning Object Oriented Programming with DelphiExplore the true power of Delphi OOP: learn how to create your own classes, instantiate objects at runtime, use association, composition and other OOP topics.Using the TDBGrid componentContrary to most other Delphi data-aware controls, the DBGrid component has many nice features and is more powerful than you would have thought. The standard DBGrid does its job of displaying and manipulating records from a dataset in a tabular grid. However, there are many ways (and reasons) why you should consider customizing the look and feel of a DBGrid...Creating Custom ComponentsEverything about creating custom controls and components in Delphi. The ultimate source. From tutorials for starters to more advanced materials.Introduction to COM ProgrammingCOM stands for Component Object Model. It allows you to create COM objects that are not specific to any language, and in some cases, even platforms. For instance, COM objects can be ported to a Unix system. COM also allows you to create COM Objects that will be instantiated on a different machine across the world if you so desired.(Fast Forward t o) Delphi for .NETHeres a series of articles designed with one goal in mind: to provide a quick and dirty introduction to the world of .NET programming with Delphi. If you are looking for what you need to know about Delphi for .NET - search no further!ASP.NET Web ProgrammingDevelopers will learn how to design, develop and debug ASP.Net web application using Borland Delphi for .Net. The chapters will cover the fundamental elements of creating Web applications (working with Web Forms, Web Services, and User Controls) using Delphi, including the Integrated Development Environment (IDE) and the Delphi for .Net language.Windows API (no VCL) SeriesThis free online course is perfect for intermediate Delphi developers as well as for those who want a broad overview of the art of Windows API programming with Borland Delphi.

The Human Resource Management Practices - 1967 Words

This essay is going to analyze that extent of the human resource management’s practices contribute to managing organization’s sustainability in the past-bureaucratic era. Evans (n.d.) recognizes that sustainability of the organization entity in general pays attention to the three aspects of risks management during company operations: financial, social as well as the environmental risks and those three of perspectives usually are referred to essences of the profits, people and planet. Besides, according to a study which mainly figures out the approaches that enable organizations to fulfill sustainable development smoothly, the finding is that sustainability business model (SBM) is supposed to be adopted by the companies, which indicates†¦show more content†¦In the first place, effective HRM is positive impact on the implementation of corporation’s strategy regarding the corporate social responsibility (CSR) that points out taking responsibility for the co mpany’s effects on the environment and impact on social welfare (Investopedia, n.d.). In fact, Strandberg Consulting (2009, p.2) identifies that human resource professionals have a key role to play to help a company achieve its CSR objectives, employee involvement is a critical success factor for CSR performance and human resource managers have the tools that the opportunity to leverage employee commitment to, and engagement in the firm’s CSR strategy. For instance, to be the largest coffee chain around the world nowadays, Starbucks’ CSR objectives normally comprise reduction of operation costs via ways like efficient utilizing lightening and other equipment and reinforcing customer loyalty through staffs’ true simile and polite manners and best meeting customers’ needs (Starbucks, 2006). In order to maximize those targets’ fulfillments, Starbucks is associated with the quite strict recruitment process, whilst invests a lot on its training p rogram. In fact, Starbucks is one of the few retail companies to invest considerably in employee training and offer comprehensive training programs to all classes of employees, even including the part-time workers (Starbucks, 2006). It is able to be seen apparently that if Starbucks is without huge contributions by its HR department, it

A Look into Autism Essay - 670 Words

A Look into Autism Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) that is very complex and involves many different and separate physical and mental disorders. Researchers have long been puzzled by autism, or childhood autism as it is often referred to. This severely disabling disorder affects approximately 80,000 children in the United States and is usually diagnosed by therapists and psychologists before the onset of two and a half years of age. Doctors note many of the complex disorders and symptoms associated with autism during the months of infancy. Babies who would normally look toward recognizable voices and reach out to people are often times devoid of these social growth indicators. The absence of obvious indicators of†¦show more content†¦Along with the disability to learn a vocal language is the inability to deal with loud noises in an environment. 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Professional Communication Practice for Technological Skills

Question: Discuss about theProfessional Communication Practice for Technological Skills. Answer: Communication is an important aspect in all walks of life. Through communication, instructions are given, information is dispatched, and ideas are exchanged among other roles. Thus, workplace communication does not only improve productivity but also promote smooth operation of activities within the line of operation. The professional communicator uses his orator skills, strategies and technological skills to communicate ideas to the public and well as communicating to the business world. The professional communicator is responsible to offer technical advice to the departmental store staff in terms of how they should handle clients and how to present themselves while working in groups. Most importantly, teaching the staff on the best customer relation and interpersonal skills will help the staff to realize the importance of working in teams. Besides, the communicator can offer a word of inspiration and motivation to the team. The communicator can put emphasis on the importance of shouldering one another in the work place as well as highlighting the importance of collaborating to achieve the best in unison as a department. Also, the professional communicator offer insights regarding the daily activities and the long-term operation of the store. The professional communicator will tip the department manager with the best code of ethics practice. The communicator will identify the various benefits that come to individual personnel like employees, customers, the management and team members as a result of engaging in best code of ethics. The communicator will enumerate the procedures and communication policies that serve as a guideline in the store department. The policies and rules of the department emanate from the department manager. Therefore, the department manager will be in a position to draft policies of best practice under the guideline of the professional communicator. Therefore, it would be easy for the department manager to report a departmental records in an appropriate manner. The condition of the commodities, the order and re-order process will be highlighted (Yoshimura 2009). All the activities that are done in the store are coordinated by the department manager. In addition, the professional communicator will reiterate the importance of keeping record- The department manager will be reminded his job duties and obligations. The records pertain the commodities that are moving into the store, at the same time, recording those goods that are moving out of the warehouse. Professional communicator will teach new ways of communicating job progress and handing over of store records to the senior management (Miller, 2014). In this case, the departmental management will ensure they receive the information pertaining the store records using modern methods like electronic data transmissions. In most instances, the professional communicator dialogue with the staff employees in the store. An average store contains more than 10 members. Therefore, communication in the store is either downwards or horizontal. As the manager gives directions, other junior staff communicate horizontally but upward communication is also recommended. The communicator will induce the manager on the best negotiation skills. Store manager negotiates and understands the prices of various activities. Most of the activities done in this department rely on the prudence of the store manager. The manager Communicates schedules of the day to other team member (Whiting Edwards 2014). Basically, the skill will enable the staff to oversee communication between the staff and gives the staff a recap what is expected during the day activities. The key messages include the importance of embracing good work ethics, time management, importance of good book keeping practice, and public relation skills. Apart from this function, professional communicator communicated the trending changes that are yet to happen in the store. As such, all the communicator urges the staff to be vigilant to updates pertaining the prices and change of commodities re-alignment in the store are coordinated. Delivery mode Delivery mode will be in both be written or unwritten. Written modes are those means that involve writing on a piece of paper or through emails. For example, written modes are: journal, memos, letters, magazines, and printed reports. On the other hand, unwritten is basically oral communication. In oral communication the professional communicator addresses the staff orally by use teleconferencing, face to face presentations. Also, video conferring can be used in companies that have a high profile or communicate internationally. References Librarians' Guild (Los Angeles, Calif.). (2010).The communicator. Los Angeles: Librarians' Guild. Miller,M.B. (2014).The Bon Marche: Bourgeois Culture and the Department Store, 1869-1920. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Whiting,G., Edwards,E. (2014).Department store. Morristown, NJ: Silver Burdett Co. Wiseman,F., Davey,J., Zipporah Films. (2008).The store. Yoshimura,A. (2009).Oriental shop: An ethnography of material communication inside an asian grocery store in Madison, Wisconsin.

Seven Reasons for IT Projects Fail

Question: Discuss about the Seven Reasons for IT Projects Fail? Answer: Executive summary The aim of this paper is to uphold the current system of the institution, which is a manual procedure of chronicling logout and login time, deliberate over its disadvantages and analyze the requirement for introducing an automatic swipe card practice in the office in order to eradicate the origins of misperception and misconducts. The brand new swipe card system aims to eliminate the error prone human-centric procedure and guarantee the precision of stored data so that the workers do not misunderstand the intents of the higher administration. The automatic swipe card scheme intends to initiate transparency in the practice and inspire the employees to show discipline in their behavior and exhibit professionalism. The paper gives attention to the discussion around comprehending the ambiguities in the manual system, upholding the pros of the automated swipe card system, outlining objectives of the venture and displaying the related risk factors. Project justification The purpose of the venture is to put together a scheme for TargMart which will substitute the already present error prone, manual practice of confirming the employees login and logout instances for the day. It wants to not only mechanize the entire procedure and in turn making it more efficient and precise, but also compelling it to get rid of all the ambiguities involved in the current system. This is an essential change due to the fact that more than twice of the full-time workers are part-time and they arrive and depart at altered times throughout the course of a day, so a precise and accurate mechanism is required to be installed to keep an account of their chargeable hours. Background Tagamet, a mid-market trader dealing with attired and house merchandise from Victoria has a deeply concentrated occurrence in the area with limited spread across the country. It mainly serves the middle class populace of Australia. The company also has a website on which workers of the company can pursue if they register needs a substitute. Issues All the workers are required to manually log out and log in on a piece of paper document and this information is later entered in the computerized systems. This procedure claims to do the same thing again and again and also it is susceptible to errors. The existing system has many gaps such as because of manual process there is a chance of one worker making false attendance claims for some other worker. The current system has a predilection for many errors and there are often complaints from the staff about incorrect entries stored in the computer. Objectives Staff misinterpretation: The aim is to precisely record the working or chargeable hours of the recruits in order to make sure that the reasonable amount of pay is given to them to evade any kind of circumstance that can cause confusion and grievances between the workers and the administrators. Expansion: The existing system requests to get respite from all the gaps and chances of making mistakes in order to shape an error free scheme in place which will be able to withstand the additional expansion, otherwise the existing practice will bring down the association if they ever make a move for expansion. Automation: The current system requires a mechanisation to decrease the superfluous double work which is due to the occurrence of a manual processes in order to keep a record of all seventeen hundred recruits. Project Scope The scope of the project includes introducing an automatic system in TargMart in order to electronically keep a track of the login and logout time of all the recruits making sure that they are precise and authentic. An electronic swipe card will be given which would be connected t the central system in order to keep a track of the login and logout time of workers so that their aggregate working time can be electronically calculated. It will also cite causes for the breaks. The automatic system would be able to dodge any unauthorised entry in the office and would also be able to check the activities which are uncommon such as intervals at short timespans, absence, or long duration breaks. The scope also accounts for the development of the electronic system as per the allowed budget, and time span allowed to finish this. The software interfaces would also be developed in keeping with the project plans and budget. Following are not included in the development of the project: Making a budget for the project and look after the marketing. Buying the system of swipe cards. Carry on constant negotiation with vendors. Make the payments to the vendors. Possible areas of scope creep include: Proposed designs of the swipe systems. Tender opening and closing. Project methodology The system will adhere by the principles of smooth methodology. In this process, a specific component is created within two to four days. The customer is involved throughout the installation process of the system. And the feedback is taken note of wherever and whenever is needed. Project milestone and deliverables Following are the milestones and corresponding deliverable of the projects: Project Milestone Deliverable Approval from CEO on project objectives The project aims, which uphold the outline of the swipe system and its advantages, has to get sanctioned by the administration to introduce it. Get approval for project plan WBS WBS i.e. work breakdown structure show detail of all the work that is essential to assert before assigning a timeline to all of them. Get approval for other needs The other needs are also essential and need to be looked after in order to locate the workable way outs to stop any makeover. Approval on the precise equipment and plans To give trainings to the workers, it is essential to have the things handy, and the plan would uphold the detailing of time and cost outlined for the project. Sanction on the swipe system The suggested system pattern needs to be sanctioned by the higher authorities. Take opinions and feedback Once the prototype is introduced, it will be very important to receive opinions in order to make it suitable for everyone. Get approval on the Database The database design, which aims to preserve all the required data, needs approval before the coding is initiated. Get a approval in the coded system The system needs to associate with the database and this needs suitable coding. The standards and conventional levels need to be sanctioned before initiating it. Swipe-card systems introduced The swipe card system initiation is essential for the plan to go on. Get sanction on the coding system (after testing) This is essential to make sure of the efficiency of the practice and test it to make sure there are no bugs in the developed system. Take feedback (after final demo) It is essential to take feedbacks in order to make sure that all the required functionalities in the developed system. Project team Following are the associated team member and their respective work profile: Role Assigned work Project sponsor Sign-off project charter; keep a steady communication with stakeholders. Project manager Ensure that the deliverables are finished within the deadline; Updates the timely project status; Find and deals with the potential risk factors of the project; Coordinate and lead project teams Quality manager Check the quality of every deliverable object Human resource manager Recruit new resources; Finance consultant Prepare and present a budget estimate Risk manager Locate the project risks and come up with solution plans. Developer head Develop the business logic code Testing head Check the code Communication plan In order to satiate the communication needs and requirements amongst the project team, the authorities and the stakeholder, a detailed plan is developed. This plan outlines: means of communication, meetings, forms and any other essential activity of communication and interconnectivity. All the project teams will use following resources for communication: Meetings E-mails Face-to-Face conversations Conference calls. Phone Following table shows the communication process among different stakeholders: What is to be done Who Purpose of task How often Method Project Initial meeting All stakeholders Collect information for the project plan Before initial date of project Meeting Project initiation plans distribution All stakeholders To inform and include all stakeholders regarding the scope of the project Before initiating kick-start meeting Sent over the web Project kick-off meeting All stakeholders Allotting of work to stakeholders. Before initial date of project Meeting Project Team meetings Team meetings, functional team meetings and modules meetings. To see all the in-depth plans and check on the updates Regularly planned Meeting Review after project Project managers, main stakeholders, sponsor Outline the improvements in projects, lessons learnt, Analyze the accomplishments On completion of the project Risk Analysis Checklist Following risks are prominently associated with the swipe-card installation project: Resources not available i.e. non-availability of project manger, design engineer and other key resources. System security i.e. System should be secured from hackers and other intrusions. Increase in cost of the system i.e. any delay in project may lead to increase in the project cost. Project deadline i.e. Milestones should be achieved as per the defined deadlines. Risk Probability [High, Medium, Low] Consequence [High, Medium, Low] Impact [High, Medium, Low] Proposed Mitigation Action Resources not available Medium High High Accept. Hire other resources Increase in cost of the system Low High High Accept. Get the increased budget approved by project sponsor System security Medium High High Avoid. The design of the proposed swipe card should be get approved from the industry experts. Missing milestone deadlines Low Medium Medium Avoid. Assign more resources to avoid delay. Stakeholder management Stakeholder matrix Following matrix depicts the key stakeholders of the Targmart Swipe card installation project: Stakeholder Stake in the project Potential impact on Project What does the Project expect the Stakeholder to provide? Perceived attitudes and/or risks Stakeholder Management Strategy Responsibility Management executives Provides specifications which define the projects objectives. High Assign resources which includes budget, hardware, software and budget.. Cordination issue because there can be a problem which may arise from mis-understanding technicalities of project. Involvement in hihg-level meetinfs and high level card design and contract sign-off Project Manager Project team Project team High Must be well-acquainted with the alloted tasks, cordinate with each other. Procrastination and ego problems Participation in meetings and workshops. Project sponsor/developer Support staff Maintenance High Facilitate in system designing, know-how of the processes, suggesting key changes in the system. Issue in adapting the new system Participation in user training and requirement analysis and gathering Project Team Employee Employees Low Valuable feedback, input and usage pattern Unable to let employees make out its full utility. Feedback Marketing Work Breakdown Structure WBS Task Name 1 TargMart Swipe System 1.1 Project initiation 1.1.1 Finalize project charter 1.1.2 Approve charter 1.2 Project planning 1.2.1 Scope identificaiton 1.2.2 Schedule management 1.2.3 Budget cration 1.2.4 Define roles and responsibilities 1.2.5 Hiring 1.2.6 WBS creation 1.2.7 Project plan finalization 1.2.8 Approve WBS 1.3 Requirement analysis 1.3.1 Current system analysis 1.3.2 Gap Analysis 1.3.3 Define High level requirements 1.3.4 Define Low level requirements 1.3.5 Analysis of cost-benefit 1.3.6 Proposal creation 1.3.7 Approve requirements 1.4 Vendor selection 1.4.1 Open tender 1.4.2 Finalize selection criteria 1.4.3 Finalize vendor 1.5 System design 1.5.1 Finalize data model 1.5.2 Finalize system flow 1.5.3 Create prototype 1.5.4 Finalize data set 1.5.5 Approve swipe card design 1.6 Acceptance of prototype 1.6.1 Finalize date 1.6.2 Send inivation to management 1.6.3 Finalize demo room 1.6.4 Demo 1.7 System database 1.7.1 Finalize data model 1.7.2 Finalize SQL scripts 1.7.3 Execute scripts 1.7.4 Finalize sample queries 1.7.5 Approve database 1.8 Coding 1.8.1 Frame code 1.8.2 Database integration 1.8.3 Approve coded system 1.9 Installation 1.9.1 Installation 1.9.2 Swipe card installed 1.1 Testing 1.10.1 Finalize system test cases 1.10.2 Finalize application test cases 1.10.3 Create bugs summary 1.10.4 Send bugs to developers 1.10.5 Resolve bugs 1.10.6 Approve tested system 1.11 Final demonstration 1.11.1 Finalize room 1.11.2 Invite users 1.11.3 Demo 1.11.4 Take feedback 1.12 Go-Live Lessons learnt Following are some of the lessons learnt from post-completion of the project: Milestones are required to be monitored 6 days before the assigned deadline to ensure quality. Team members are required to be consulted on regular basis so as to avoid any conflicts. Vendor is required to be communicated about timely delivery on regular basis. References: Gulla, J. (2012, Feb). Seven Reasons IT Projects Fail. Retrieved from https://www.ibmsystemsmag.com: https://www.ibmsystemsmag.com/power/Systems-Management/Workload-Management/project_pitfalls/?page=2 Organizing for Project Management. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://pmbook.ce.cmu.edu: https://pmbook.ce.cmu.edu/02_Organizing_for_Project_Management.htmlDuncan, W.R. (n.d) A guide to Project Management Body of Knowledge, Available: https://www.unipi.gr/akad_tmhm/biom_dioik_tech/files/pmbok.pdf.Hamilton, G. (n.d.). Risk management and project management go hand in hand. Retrieved from https://www.cio.com.au: https://www.cio.com.au/article/385084/risk_management_project_management_go_hand_hand/HubPages. (n.d.). Project Management Time Cost Estimation Techniques: An Overview. 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