Sale of Forests in United Kingdom

Presentation Environmental preservation has become a need in numerous nations today. This is on the grounds that the degree of ecological corruption is as of now exceptionally high on the planet and its belongings are now being felt. Numerous nations are as of now trying however much as could be expected to monitor the couple of regular assets they are left with. â€Å"The world ecological associations like UNEP have additionally been urging different nations to think of approaches that would forestall the devastation of their normal resources† (Jansen 127).Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Sale of Forests in United Kingdom explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, a few nations are really attempting to negate the natural preservation plans, and Britain is a genuine model. â€Å"The British government’s plan to sell its woods has gotten genuine analysis from general society and environmentalists† (Reuters). â€Å"Accor ding to the British government, the offer of the woodland would empower them get cash for financing their national spending which had a shortfall during the last monetary year† (Jansen). The State claimed backwoods in Britain are under the administration of the Forestry Commission. â€Å"This Commission holds about 1.85 million sections of land of forest, about 33% of which might be auctions off, in one the greatest land deals in British history† (Reuters). The legislature has been attempting to promise the open that woods will be appropriately overseen by the private associations. The legislatures likewise agues that through the offer of this land, they won't diminish their costs on different areas like training and wellbeing which numerous individuals would wish to be improved. In any case, people in general is somewhat distrustful about the limit of the private proprietors to deal with the backwoods in light of the accompanying reasons. Significance of the Forest For ests are one of the most significant regular assets in Britain. For instance, they have helped in securing the earth and the untamed life (McComb 298). Water assets have likewise been supported by woodlands. They can forestall monstrous demolition of property that would emerge from solid breezes. â€Å"Some of the trees found in the administration backwoods have been utilized in the assembling of medicines† (Jansen). The magnificence of the earth is likewise upgraded by woodlands. Impacts of Selling the Forest Selling of the timberlands would have such a significant number of impacts in Britain and they incorporate the accompanying. Condition â€Å"Environmentalists have noticed that ecological debasement would increment if the administration of these woodlands is moved to private associations/companies† (Jansen). This is on the grounds that the private proprietors would just utilize them to serve their own advantages to the detriment of other natural factors.Advertisi ng Looking for article on ecological investigations? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More â€Å"For model, enormous chopping down of trees is probably going to occur and this would negatively affect the environment† (Berger 234). The designers would likewise utilize the timberland land for development of inns and other recreational offices which may meddle with the woodlands. Community to Forests The free to the woodlands would be influenced in light of the fact that the private proprietors would think of limitations on the utilization of the timberlands. For example, the private proprietors would not permit the residents to do free visits to the woods. â€Å"Public access to the woodlands would additionally be thwarted by the conceivable disappointment of the proprietors of the timberlands to oversee vehicle leaves and different offices which encourage open access† (Reuters). Financial advancement â€Å"Some of t he segments of the British economy generally relied upon wood items and the privatization of the administration woodlands will cause a few limitations in lumber production† (Jansen). Aside from this, the private proprietors may expand costs of wood items for their own advantages. On the off chance that the trees are botched there will be no wood assets in future. The expense of moving the administration backwoods to the private proprietors will be carried by the legislature and this will cause pointless budgetary weight. â€Å"Even however there will be monetary profit to the administration, it will just give a momentary answer for budgetary problem† (Reuters). The administration will likewise lose its drawn out capability of getting incomes from the backwoods. These elements can impactsly affect the economy of Britain. The administration anyway accepts that the privatization will support income in the private part, and it will likewise offer the open a chance to deal w ith their assets. Legislative issues This issue has had genuine political effects particularly on the fame of the legislature. This is on the grounds that people in general by and large feels that the legislature has neglected to satisfy its guarantee of making the â€Å"country greener†. A few lawmakers have in this manner held onto this opportunity to emphatically censure the legislature. Such reactions have disintegrated the open trust in the administration. For instance the leader has been truly scrutinized for supporting this choice. The fate of the administration is in this way risked and they are probably going to discover it needed to persuade people in general during the following political race (Reuters).Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Sale of Forests in United Kingdom explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Bio fuel enterprises These businesses are probably going to purchase the timberlands and such a move would have genuine outc omes on the woods. â€Å"This is on the grounds that they would basically consume accessible supplies of wood and, simultaneously, pulverize organizations, for example, saw plants and board processes, that give increasingly green occupations and lock up carbon in wood products† (Perry 167). Populace and settlement Many individuals are probably going to infringe on the timberland land with a point of finding peaceful situations for settlement. This can occur if the private proprietors concoct private units in certain pieces of the woodland. In the event that progressively private units are built near the woods, individuals will abuse the backwoods. For instance there will be uncontrolled misuse of the backwoods assets. Biodiversity Scientists additionally fight that biodiversity can get hard to support if this arrangement experiences. This is on the grounds that the little administration units that may take over from the present administration may not be submitted in keeping u p the measures of the woodland. End The above conversation uncovers the potential results of moving the responsibility for woods to the private hands. It would in this way be better for the administration to consider different roads of getting monetary help as opposed to squandering one of its distinct advantages. The administration ought to likewise be sharp in guaranteeing that the earth is secured. â€Å"The British government has now reacted to the open requests by halting its arrangement to deal the forests† (Jansen). This choice has been energetically gotten by general society and the preservationists who restricted the arrangement. â€Å"The government has likewise chosen to lessen its financing on certain areas. For instance it won't completely money the training sector† (Jansen). Since the legislature has chosen to stop the offer of the woods, numerous residents are currently idealistic that the administration will stay concentrated on saving the backwoods. Wo rks Cited Berger, John. Timberlands perpetually: their environment, rebuilding, and insurance. New York: Wiley, 2008. Print. Jansen, Mark. Environmentalist. 8 December 2010. Web. https://theecologist.org/.Advertising Searching for article on natural examinations? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More McComb, Brenda. Untamed life the board: ideas and applications in ranger service. New York: CRC Press, 2007. Print. Perry, David. Woodland Ecosystems. New York: Prentice Hall, 2008. Print. Reuters. UK backwoods deal plan rejected after objection. 17 February 2011. Web. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-england woodlands/uk-timberland deal plan-rejected after-objection idUSTRE71G43A20110217. This paper on Sale of Forests in United Kingdom was composed and put together by client Darian Snow to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; in any case, you should refer to it appropriately. You can give your paper here.

John Stewart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

John Stewart - Essay Example Jon’s mother was an instruction specialist and an educator; his dad was a teacher of material science at the school of New Jersey who presently handles online courses at the Edison State College. Stewart’s guardians are today isolated and the on-screen character thinks of him as a subject of hostile to Semitic harassing when he was a kid. He farther proceeds to depict himself as an Eugene of debs while in secondary school (Scherer 33). The popularity as showed by the entertainer and TV have proves to be useful with an assortment of suggestions running from dangers to content that are coordinated towards criticizing the character of the on-screen character. This is additionally bolstered because of the improvement of the cutting edge organizing destinations, which are probably going to fuel the publicity as they are engendered. The accompanying locales: http://www.thedailyshow.com/; http://www.facebook.com/thedailyshow; http://twitter.com/thedailyshow; http://www.rallytorestoresanity.com/, speak to a positive imitation of the craftsman since they have not introduced any negative, compromising or wrong substance about the celebrity’s demonstrations (The Daily Show with Jon Stewart - Political Comedy - Fake News | Comedy Central 2012). Rather, the film on-screen character has end up being on request, having dealt with a few entertainment expos and got every single positive award. He facilitated two back to back Grammy Award shows both for 2001 and 2002; further, he facilitated the 2006 Academy Awards function. All the remarks about the hosts’ forward-thinking are so sure of the on-screen character and comic. Among the movies he has gotten acclaims for in the wake of showing up as one of the main on-screen characters incorporate the Box office bomb Death to Smoochy along with Robin Williams and Edward Norton (Scherer 126). Both print and hard media have promoted applauds on the comic and entertainer Jon Stewart. From the articles we have experienced, we have not discovered any with compromising or improper data coordinated towards Jon Stewart (The Daily Show Fan

Research arguementive essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Research arguementive - Essay Example There are a few reasons why liquor ought to be illegalized: the quantity of liquor related passings every year, the adverse wellbeing impacts that liquor has on a person’s body, character, cognizance, general prosperity and the passionate pressure that liquor clients and their families experience. On the off chance that making liquor unlawful were to be understood, our general public would incredibly profit by it and become a superior spot to live in. Liquor has some beneficial outcomes on an individual when taken with some restraint, which is around one beverage in a solitary day. A portion of these impacts incorporate lessening the odds of creating coronary illness, diabetes, strokes and elevated cholesterol level. The constructive outcomes are helpful to a person’s wellbeing and energize sound living. They may, in this way, persuade individuals that liquor is useful for the general public however the probability of an individual drinking it tolerably is very low. Liquor is an addictive substance that once an individual beginnings taking, the individual in question will most clearly drink all the more consistently. This propensity totally ruins the odds of encountering the constructive outcomes of taking liquor and rather builds the unsafe impacts. This implies the hazard overpowers the advantages and accordingly it is just the negative impacts that stay prominent. There are numerous routes through which drinking liquor unreasonably can hurt your body. Liquor harms body organs and frameworks that are required for endurance. It amazingly harms the cerebrum, liver, heart, resistant framework and pancreas (Palmera 29). To exacerbate the situation, liquor is a malignancy causing operator. When liquor is taken, it is quickly consumed into the body and its belongings are prove. To the mind, it causes huge loss of memory and dazedness, impacts which are hurtful to the strength of your body. Extreme liquor utilization additionally fundamentally influences the brain’s synapses and makes them wasteful in playing out their capacities. These impacts happening on the synapses of the mind regularly

Psychological Perspectives for Health and Social Care Essay

The impact of people The key principals of the learning hypothesis is the point at which a kid sees certain showcases or demonstrations of conduct, that they are bound to duplicate it. He contended that we learn through a procedure of mimicking good examples, however that we likewise emulate the activities that are seen that could be a potential premium. (Bandura, 1961) directed an examination to research if social practices, for example, hostility can be obtained by impersonation. Bandura tried 36 young men and young ladies from the Stanford University Nursery School with youngsters between 3 to 6 years of age. The good examples were one male grown-up and one female grown-up. Bandura then organized 24 of the young men and young ladies to watch a male or female model carrying on forcefully towards a toy known as the bobo doll. The grown-ups started to assault the doll in an unmistakable way, tossing the doll noticeable all around and yelling. The analysts pre-tried the youngsters for how forceful they we re by watching the kids in the nursery and made a decision about their forceful conduct on four five point rating scales. It was then workable for the youngsters in the gatherings to be coordinated so they had comparable degrees of hostility inside their ordinary conduct. The youngsters were then tried exclusively through three phases, which comprises of displaying, which is concentrated as observational learning, as one should be focusing, having the option to store data adequately, and propagation, which includes performing he conduct that has been watched. Further act of this aptitude will at that point lead to progress and expertise headway. In stage two (Aggression Arousal) the youngster is then exposed to ‘mild hostility arousal’, which is the point at which the kid is taken to a live with moderately appealing toys. When the youngster begins to play with the toys the experimenter tells the kid that these were the experimenter’s absolute best toys and she had chosen to save them for different kids. The last key stage is being tried for postponed impersonation, which comprised of bringing the kids into a live with various forceful toys comprising of hammers, tie balls, dart weapons, and the Bobo Doll. The room additionally incorporates a few non †forceful toys, including pastels, paper, dolls, plastic creatures and trucks. The youngsters were then permitted to play in this room forâ a time of 20 minutes while raters watched each child’s conduct from behind a single direction reflect and made a decision about each child’s levels of animosity. This is the way toward testing the person on how much data has been recently held, and how they move this data. The discoveries from this and comparative examinations have been utilized in the contention that media brutality may be contributing in some degree to viciousness in the public arena. The conspicuous analysis of this contention is that there are numerous different variables affecting whether we are probably going to copy screen brutality. One of the main considerations likewise is maybe the degree of animosity we as of now have, which may have been scholarly, in our family connections or somewhere else. Social Learning Theory has additionally been utilized to clarify the alleged ‘cycle of violence’, or all the more in fact ‘the between generational transmission of aggression’. The fundamental thought is that on the off chance that one has been the casualty of (physical) maltreatment as a kid, you are bound to be a mishandling guardian than if you haven’t. It additionally expands the odds that you will be a spouse †or a husband †â€Å"batterer†. It is additionally critical to take note of that such early encounters make it increasingly likely that individuals will turn out to be progressively forceful yet it is rarely sure, or unavoidable. Notwithstanding affecting different clinicians, Bandura’s social learning hypothesis has had significant ramifications in the field of training. Today, the two instructors and guardians perceive the significance of demonstrating proper practices. Other homeroom techniques, for example, empowering youngsters and building self-viability are likewise established in social learning hypothesis. The announcement â€Å"Children who witness aggressive behavior at home are at expanded danger of having injurious connections as grown-ups, scientists have found.† (BBC,2003) depends on the way toward demonstrating, as the kids who are vulnerable to brutality and misuse are bound to take in what has been done and duplicate the conduct. I for one believe that Health and Social Care Services couldn't have the option to focus on this on-going issue, since I feel that kid misuse and abusive behavior at home can in any case occur away from plain view, when not announced, or when no indications are appeared. I feel that the Social Services could target thisâ problem all the more precisely by publicizing it more, and getting the message out that it is alright to stand up. Good cause, for example, NSPCC and NCDV help the individuals who are being manhandled, or seeing maltreatment. Different ventures, for example, enrolling in more visitor speakers to address kids in schools about maltreatment or aggressive behavior at home, and how it can influence people around them. I think there ought to likewise be more guides enrolled in schools, to help and guarantee students or youngsters who are being mishandled that they have somebody to address about their issues. Advising meetings ought to likewise made generally accessible for gatherings of ladies who are encountering local maltreatment, to approach and realize that they are not the only one, since they don't have the right to endure peacefully. All the more family assessments ought to be completed, as these can offer away essential hints of misuse, so it is regularly important that the administrations do these checks. The Social can likewise focus on this issue by encouraging schools or educators who know about any kid who is being mishandled to approach. Doing the entirety of the above will altogether help the expanding levels of youngsters who are observers of aggressive behavior at home, and ideally make a marginally more secure condition for casualties or witnesses and abatement the measure of abusive behavior at home which happens in the home. Crusades The principal crusade I will break down is the â€Å"Stop Knife Crime† battle, propelled in 2008, which was supported by David Beckham, Rio Ferdinand and David James, who are all football greats, and good examples to numerous who are keen on the games or football area. This specific advancement has utilized these good examples by shooting them holding up signs, which embrace the campaign’s trademark, â€Å"Stop Knife Crime, it doesn’t need to happen†. Likewise, the utilization of Beckham and Rio Ferdinand having experienced a blade wrongdoing experience, further adds to them being good examples, as they can relate and comprehend the risks of this point more, and communicate their comprehension to the general population. There was a 10% decline in blade crime percentages in London after this battle. Subsidizing was additionally being added to pay for 85 progressively convenient inquiry curves and 566 church wands to permit more activities to happen. The second crusade I will break down is a Weight Watchers battle, embraced by Jenifer Hudson, who figured out how to lose in excess of 80 pounds, going from a size 16/18 to a size 8. This specific advancement has utilized Jennifer as a good example since she is a fruitful artist, and she can relate and comprehend the circumstances that the individuals who are attempting to shed pounds are experiencing. The battle have additionally supported this by capturing her in really, marvelous outfits with mottos, for example, â€Å"I put stock in WeightWatchers† and â€Å"I lost with WeightWatchers and I feel more grounded than ever†, which would make ladies need to be or look simply like her. WeightWatchers were effective with their advancement utilizing Jenifer Hudson, as they had an expansion in participations in 2013. Use of the psychodynamic viewpoint The key supporters of this psychodynamic approach are Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson and Carl Rogers. The psychodynamic approach remembers all the hypotheses for brain science that see human working dependent on the cooperation of drives and powers inside the individual, especially oblivious, and between the various structures of the character. Tension is a turmoil, and is as per (nhs.co.uk) â€Å" A sentiment of anxiety, dread, or stress, that can be gentle or severe†. Tension is something that everybody can likewise understanding now and again, without being given a determination of it. A great many people can identify with feeling tense and dubious, and agonizing over for instance, going for a prospective employee meeting. One might be stressed over inclination awkward, seeming absurd, or in how effective they will be. Thusly, these concerns can influence one’s rest, craving and capacity to think. Somebody may encounter uneasiness for reasons unknown in light of the fact that maternal clashes can cause an individual to feel on edge. In Freud’s see, nervousness emerges when the personality can't satisfactorily adjust the requests of the id and the superego, and the id starts to request delight of it’s driving forces, and the superego requests upkeep of it’s moral norms. A portion of the manners in which one can use to control their uneasiness change, as strategies, for example, recording any concerns or concerns one may have, on a PC, on a telephone, or on paper. Additionally, by starting to acknowledge vulnerability could help one’s understanding that life’s issues don't require prompt arrangements. By additionally doing things, for example, rehearsing unwinding procedures, adjusting good dieting propensities, lessening liquor and nicotine consumption, practicing normally and getting enough rest, could likewise help control nervousness. Use of the Humanist Perspective They key supporters of the Humanist Perspective were Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. The key ideas to this mental methodology are that humanistic analysts study human conduct, through the eyes of the spectator, yet additionally through the eyes of the individual doing the carrying on. The model of advising created by

Do We Really Want To Be Richard Cory - Literature Essay Samples

William Grifenhagen 11 November 2015 Edwin Arlington Robinson struggled with depression throughout most of his life, especially during his early years as an adolescent. When asked about his childhood, Robinson himself described it as â€Å"stark and unhappy† (Poets.org). He even wrote in a letter to a friend of his, Amy Lowell, that â€Å"when [he] was six years old, [he] remembered wondering why [he] had been born† (Poets.org). It is no surprise that this bleakness that encumbered his childhood is clearly reflected in his most famous poem, â€Å"Richard Cory†. In this poem, Robinson reveals something to the audience that everyone needs to realize: people’s outside appearance and demeanor are not always directly representative of their overall level of happiness and general satisfaction with life. Richard Cory, the person that the poem is about, seems to have it all and is a well-respected, handsome, and wealthy man. Robinson describes Richard as â€Å"always quietly arrayed† and writes that he â€Å"glittered when he walked.† The audience is clearly made aware that Richard is â€Å"somebody† in this town. Richard is someone that the community as a whole knows, respects, admires, and even worships. Not only does the community venerate Richard, but they also â€Å"wish that [they] were in his place.† No one knew Richard was depressed or discontented with his life, and they especially did not expect him to be one to commit suicide. Richard was able to dissimulate his true feelings of severe depression by disguising himself as a commendable character that everyone aspired to be like. Richard suffered from depression so severe that he took his own life, despite his worldly success. The stigma associated with mental illness, or depression specifically, is the biggest barrier to mental healthcare today. When one admits or is revealed to have a mental illness, a phenomenon known as â€Å"social distancing† occurs, whereby people that are depressed or have another mental illness tend to be isolated by society. Studies show that â€Å"the majority of people hold negative attitudes and stereotypes towards people with mental illness† (Friedman). Depression is ranked as one of the world’s most disabling diseases, and because of this stigma associated with it, most people are embarrassed to talk to anyone or reach out for help. Cancer, liver disease, heart disease, Alzheimer’s, and countless other diseases are all topics that we feel comfortable discussing on Facebook or in the aisle of the grocery store, but depression is a disease that is seldom spoken about in social environments. Up to fifteen percent of people diagnosed with clinical dep ression die by suicide (Suicide and Depression). Essentially, this can be translated to mean that clinical depression will be the cause of death for fifteen percent of people diagnosed with the illness. This number is comparable to most physical health illnesses, yet depression isn’t considered near as serious as physical illnesses that have comparable death rates. Richard’s struggle with depression was completely and utterly unknown to the people of his town. In fact, the people believed the exact opposite about Richard they believed he had it all and they desired to reach Richard’s level of happiness themselves. Richard was able to â€Å"put a face on†, or camouflage his crippling depression from society and appear as a successful, happy, revered man. Robinson writes, â€Å"so on we worked, and waited for the light, and went without the meat, and cursed the bread† meaning that the society desired to be like Richard. The people of the town wished to have the money, the looks, and the admiration that people had for Richard. When Richard was down town, Robinson writes that â€Å"we people on the pavement looked at him†, signifying that the common people were regarded as being â€Å"below†, or less than Richard. They were beneath him, on the pavement, looking up at him as if his life was more important th an theirs will ever be. The people of this town regarded Richard so highly that not only was everyone envious of his material possessions and aesthetic appearance, but they were also covetous of his life as a whole. In the public’s eyes, he had, in a way, achieved self-actualization. By telling the audience how highly regarded Richard was, Robinson forces us to take a look at our earthly possessions and all of the things we want and think â€Å"do these things really make us happy?† Richard’s decision to commit suicide, despite his social status, also raises the question of how important our status in society truly is. This poem teaches the audience a very important lesson that is relevant to almost every reader even the wealthiest, most attractive, highest regarded person still has problems. Money, good looks, and fame don’t always bring happiness. Richard looked like should be happy; he had everything one could ask for. This poem tells us that just because a man looks like he should be happy with his life doesn’t mean he is actually happy with his life. Edwin Arlington Robinson. Poets.org. Academy of American Poets, n.d. Web. 11 Nov. 2015. Friedman, Mike, Ph.D. The Stigma of Mental Illness Is Making Us Sicker. Psychology Today. N.p., 3 May 2014. Web. 11 Nov. 2015. Suicide and Depression. All About Depression: Overview. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Nov. 2015. â€Å"Richard Cory† The Children of the Night by Edwin Arlington Robinson, 1897

Survivors of Domestic Violence - Free Essay Example

Domestic violence, also known as intimate partner violence (IPV), is a pattern of actions one partner uses to maintain control over the other partner in the relationship. This abuse can be physical, emotional, sexual, or financial and can vary in how often and how severe each episode can be. IPV does not differentiate or care what socioeconomic background and education level an individual has, only that one person is using force to make the other person in the relationship obey their rules. Some survivors of sexual assault, domestic violence, and child abuse experience isolation on a daily basis, and are often met with disbelief or challenges asking, Why did you stay? Many simply avoid speaking to the survivor out of fear that they might say the wrong thing (Dutton, 2017). Facilitators need to address the safety and concerns of IPV survivors during group and individual counseling sessions. Group counseling often helps to decrease feelings of isolation, allowing the person to see that they are not alone in this experience and, if they allow, they can receive support from others in the group. Group sessions in this proposal will use Person-Centered Therapy, because the goal of this therapy is not solving clients problems but assist clients in their growth process so they have a better chance of coping with current and potential future problems (Smith 2016, p. 270). Both facilitators, using Person-Centered Methodology, when working with survivors of domestic violence will provide a non-confrontational, safe environment where IPV survivors have the opportunity to begin the healing process. The two counselors will provide the facilitator and co-facilitator roles and each will have similar skills, knowledge, and training. They will work together during sessions and if there is need of immediate individual support, then one of the facilitators and the group member will be able to withdraw from the group while the other facilitator continues with the session in progress. If there is not an immediate need, an individual appointment discussion at the end of group session can occur. Having similar levels of experience will allow each facilitator role flexibility from session to session. Screening and Recruiting Group Member Distribution of the flyer announcing the group sessions will be within the three IPV facilities that agreed to participate, in order to provide privacy and safety to all individuals who live in those same facilities. Case managers within the facility will screen interested candidates to determine if they meet the base criteria and then forward this information to the point of contact at the facilitators organization. Each of the three facilities that have agreed to participate will provide female gender only candidates, over 18 years of age, and currently residing in the IPV facility in order to allow a pressure-free zone. The two facilitators will look over the information to make a final determination of potential benefit to the candidate before providing case managers with the okay to proceed with an invite to the individual and a confidentiality form to discuss and sign. Individual suitability for this group will include those with four out of six of the following characteristics: low self-esteem, depression, anger, emotional insecurity, dependence, and a need to control their environment. This need for careful vetting of individuals chosen to participate and identified by the following factors indicated by research into past group session evaluations: the needs of the group, the expectations of members, and the individual participants commitment to six sessions of one hour each. Logistical Considerations This will be a closed group consisting of six to eight participants. The group meetings will begin on January 9th and occur every Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday for six weeks from 10:00 am to 11:30 am in the activities room at each IPV facility. This meeting time was chosen based on room availability in each facility, childcare availability (if needed), presence in the facility of the IPV survivors, and the case managers to assist with any unexpected issues. Developing Group Norms Group Structure established by the facilitators will provide guidelines for group members to follow during each group session. Group members can discuss the need to add any guidelines during any session if the need arises. Guidelines are as follows: Confidentiality regarding mandated reporting requirements;Stress the importance to be on time for each session;Individual participant counseling can be scheduled outside of the group;Advising members not to share information if this would put their safety at risk;Some group members will not want acknowledgment outside the group; Agreement to allow speaker courtesy during the group sessions. Advocacy, support, empowerment, and participation. Each session will follow a basic agenda; however, the facilitators will be mindful and flexible on session topics as these group sessions are about the IPV survivors. Termination Group members agreed to six sessions and the facilitators will remind group members during the initial session and the fourth session. The final session will be a wrap up for group members and less formal than prior sessions. Facilitators plan to allow group members time to mingle and participate in punch, dessert, and a planned presentation of an achievement rock, rather than a paper certificate. Evaluation Evaluations provided to the group members during the last session for completion, not mailed out, in order to maintain the safety of the participants. Group members will be advised that they can provide additional comments on the group to their case managers and have the ability to either allow the information to be shared with the facilitators or not. Handling Ethical Issues The facilitators will discuss how to deal with issues that arise during group prior to each weekly meeting, consulting the American Counseling Association Code of Ethics (ACA 2014) if any ethical concern arises during group sessions. The facilitators have agreed to use the Tarvydas Integrative Model for Ethical Behavior and/or the Ethical Decision-Making Model Worksheet, if needed. If any suicidal ideation (SI) or homicidal ideation (HI) occurs, one facilitator will go aside from the group and work with that individual in the completion of an assessment to determine the level of risk. The individuals case manager is advised, and depending on the assessment result a facility specializing in SI/HI will be contacted and the individual admitted. The facilitators duty to warn and to protect is a dual responsibility to protect the group member, as well as, other group members and individuals (Corey, Corey, Corey, Callanan, 2015) Group Sessions (6) Week One: Introduction Session Ice Breaker (10-15 minutes) Each facilitator will take turns introducing themselves, why they are here, past work experience, training and qualifications, and their favorite color. Then in round-robin style, participants provide only their first name and favorite color. Facilitators will write down the favorite color of the group members for an activity in the closing session. At this point the facilitators will provide announcements: emphasizing confidentiality and that no partners or ex-partners will be allowed around the group (non-negotiable), housekeeping information (bathrooms and drinking fountains), building safety (fire exits, first aid), explain complaints procedure, and no smoking, no e-cigarettes, and no vaping. Facilitators will discuss what each sessions proposed course content would be, and only one break will occur during the group session. Activity (20-25 minutes) Using a flip chart to write down information, facilitators will go around the circle to give each group member an opportunity of what one expectation they would want to obtain from the group sessions. Begin with the facilitator not doing the writing. Label the flip chart Our Group Expectations. Go around the circle a couple times in case some group members have more than one thing they would like to get out of coming to the group. The flip chart page can be tacked up on the wall during each session, or not, but will be brought out during the closing session to discuss if the expectations of each group member have been met. Activity (5 minutes) â€Å" Discuss with group members if they would be okay with having a case manager from the facility come in during week five to provide information and availability on resources in the community. Facilitators will ascertain at this time if group members would like community resource information on surrounding communities that relocation would be an option. This would determine if an invite is offered to an IPV case manager from that community, or just have information to provide the group. Close (5 minutes) During session closure, the facilitators will congratulate every one for completing week one group session. The facilitators will begin a round robin of checking in with ?I statement of how group members are feeling at that moment and stress that safety at all times is very important each person and facilitators will remind group members of the topic for next session. Week Two: The Cycle of Abuse Greeting (5 minutes) â€Å"Facilitators will lead the round robin of ?I statement on how each person is feeling at that moment. Recap last group session. Ice Breaker (10-15 minutes) â€Å" Have each group member remove any negative thoughts by writing them down on paper, seal them in an envelope, and place the envelope under their chairs. Facilitators will have provided pens, paper, and envelopes. Activity (20-25 minutes) Facilitators will provide each group member with a photocopy of the Duluth Equalities When and Duluth Power and Control Wheel. After giving the participants a few minutes to look over the information, begin a discussion how each group member has been affected by the violence and what would be the corresponding non-violence section states. Do participants feel they are able to begin making the change to the Equality Wheel and let them provide the discussion on why or why not? Activity (15-20 minutes) â€Å" Provide a photocopy of the Definitions of violence and abuse, then using the flip chart to write down information, go around the circle to give each group member an opportunity to provide a personal definition in one of the quadrants. Label the flip chart Our Definitions. Go around the circle a couple times in case some participants have more than one thing they would like to add. Close (5 minutes) During session closure, the facilitators will congratulate every one for completing the week two session, stress that safety at all times is very important each person and remind every one of the topic for next session. Then begin the round robin of checking in with ?I statement of how group members are feeling at that moment. The facilitators will have the group members pick the sealed envelopes up and ask them to tear up the feeling that they sealed within and toss it away. Week Three: Safety Plans* Greeting (15-20 minutes) â€Å"Recap last session. The facilitators will lead the group in a guided mindfulness meditation session. Integrative holistic practices offered in a retreat environment that supports the mind and bodys natural inclination toward healing cannot only provide significant relief, but can perhaps also better position an individual to benefit from more traditional forms of psychotherapy, as a great capacity to self-regulate provides a firm foundation on which to embark on trauma treatment (Dutton, 2017). Activity (20-25 minutes) â€Å" Provide each participant with a photocopy of a plan outline, adapted from Saving Grace safety planning (Saving Grace, 2011) to discuss and remind group members that for safety reasons, never leave their plan where others could discover it. Some advocates talk about assessing what kinds of things the victim has done before and whether and how that worked; the next step is to assess what they feel comfortable doing in the future (Logan, 2018). Discuss whom participants might trust enough share their safety plan with, and would they consider providing the IPV agency with a copy. Discuss with participants the need for individuals deemed trustworthy enough be on their plan, how to approach the subject with those individuals. Close (5-10 minutes) During session closure, the facilitators will congratulate every one for completing the week two session. Then begin the round robin of checking in with ?I statement of how they are feeling at that moment. Remind every one of the topic for next session and please bring his or her completed safety plans. Week Four: Emotions Greeting (5 minutes) â€Å"Facilitators will lead the round robin of ?I statement on how each person is feeling at that moment. Recap last session. Ice Breaker (10-15 minutes) â€Å" Take a few minutes to discuss the participants safety plans. Are they completed and if not, what obstacles may the person need assistance in understanding and after the closing the group, set some time aside to provide guidance or set up an individual meeting with the individual. Activity (20-25 minutes) â€Å" Facilitators will provide the topic of coping with grief, fear, and guilt. This is an important discussion because these emotions experienced most when ending an abusive relationship. Many individuals will mourn what they feel to be a failure of a commitment and may experience overwhelming feelings that are far from being relieved. Fear and anxiety are very common feelings to have when someone is leaving any relationship, and guilt is most common among women with children. When examining the biological, psychological, and contextual factors related to the development of both anxiety and PTSD, a common factor is the experience of stressful life events (e.g., IPV victimization) and ones ability to cope with these events (Spencer, 2017). Discuss with the group the stages of grief: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance, and hope. Understanding the difference is difficult when experiencing uneasiness during non-threatening situations, and fear during threatening situations. Remind the group members that they are not alone and to obtain support from friends, family, and professionals. Close (5-10 minutes) During session closure, the facilitators will congratulate every one for completing the week two session. Then begin the round robin of checking in with ?I statement of how they are feeling at that moment. Facilitators will remind all group members that there are only two more group sessions. Week Five: Community Resources Greeting (5-10 minutes) â€Å"Facilitators will lead the round robin of ?I statement on how each person is feeling at that moment. Recap last session. Activity (20-25 minutes) â€Å" Onsite case manager to present information on community resources. If group members approved, during the initial session, a case manager from the facility will be present to provide information on local resources in their area. If group members did not approve, then information gathered from the local community will be provided to the group members. Activity (10-15 minutes) â€Å" Take a few minutes to discuss the participants safety plans. Are they completed and if not, what obstacles may the person need assistance in understanding and after the closing the group, set some time aside to provide guidance or set up an individual meeting with the participant. Discuss with group members how to update their plans with any of the community resources information provided. Close (10-15 minutes) During session closure, the facilitators will congratulate every one for completing the week two session. Then begin the round robin of checking in with ?I statement of how they are feeling at that moment. Facilitators will stress that safety at all times is very important each person and remind every one of the topic for next session, including a reminder that next week is the last session. Week Six: Closing Session Greeting (10-15 minutes) â€Å"Facilitators will lead the round robin of I statement on how each person is feeling at that moment. Recap last overall six five weeks and what has been learned and pull out the flip chart to touch on what was written that group members wanted to get out of the sessions. Activity (25-35 minutes) â€Å" Discuss what each group member thinks she learned from the sessions and what each group member thinks her strength or strengths are. Facilitators will provide group members with punch, cookies, and time to mingle with each other. Discuss how to process any termination anxiety or grief expressed during this time and how it is normal. Facilitators will write on stones in each group members favorite color what they stated their strengths are and give to each person as a reminder of how they have grown. Close (15-20 minutes) During session closure, facilitators will congratulate every one for completing the week two session. Provide an evaluation form for the group members to complete. Then begin round robin of checking in with ?I statement of how they are feeling at that moment. Facilitators will direct participants to complete the evaluation forms anonymously and drop them off in the basket as they leave. Have some time available to stay and meet with any participant that may have questions. Article Summaries Looking into the Day-To-Day Process of Victim Safety Planning examined domestic violence intervention. The research Logan and Walker conducted was a study on the understanding safety planning. They used five focus groups with 37 participants from a variety of settings (Logan, 2018). Logan and Walker observed 33 female and 4 male participants in this study. The participants were professionals in a field that deals with domestic violence on a day-to-day basis. The participants suggested that safety for victims of domestic violence argue safety planning must go beyond simple and generic strategies and referrals (Logan, 2018). The most important aspect of this study indicates that planning for physical abuse is the most important. Physical safety planning must be treated like a fire drill so that the victim can instinctively know what to do during these scenarios. The other suggestion that stood out was the importance of seeking information from the victims of what they did or did not do and what they should have and should not have done. Mental Health Factors and Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration and Victimization: A Meta-Analysis analyzed IPV (Intimate Partner Violence) of victimization versus perpetration and discussed the correlation between mental health disorders and IPV. The article discusses biological, psychological, and social factors of IPV. One important aspect Spencer et al. Pointed out was that IPV is usually a two-way street. It does not say that both sides are equally responsible but both partners are often victims and perpetrators of the violence. Spencer et al. also argues that women are more susceptible to depression, anxiety, and PTSD and report feelings of emptiness while men are more susceptible to intense anger, impulsive behavior and avoidance of abandonment. This article suggests the importance of male versus female within the scope of IPV, which could indicate the importance of having separate gender IPV treatment. Prior mental health disorders should be factored into IPV clients evaluation. A Holistic Healing Arts Model for Counselors, Advocates, and Lawyers Serving Trauma Survivors: Joyful Heart Foundation Retreat studies the effects of holistic treatment during the baseline period, pretreatment, 2 weeks post-treatment, 3 months follow up and 6 months follow up. Dutton used a similar questionnaire for a baseline to the 3 month follow up period and used a more simplified version of the questionnaire for the 6 month questionnaire. The study showed improvements in stress-related outcomes were remarkably consistent across measures of somatic symptoms, insomnia, posttraumatic stress, perceived stress, depression symptom, fatigue, satisfaction with life, burnout and secondary traumatic stress (Dutton, 2017). The outcome addressed in the article was that the survivors of abuse are more successful in conditions where they are surrounded by other survivors where they did not have to readdress their narrative but could focus on life-impacting issues and learn coping mechanisms while being in the safety of a group that does not judge or shame their peers. Dutton also expresses the importance of diversity within abuse and that focusing on an integrative psycho-educational approach will be more successful than focusing on the abuse itself. Isolation can be further exaggerated through therapeutic processes that emphasize a hierarchical structure of patient and expert (Dutton, 2017). References American Counseling Association, (2005, 2014). Code of ethics. Alexandria, VA: Author. Corey, G., Corey, M. S., Corey, C., Callanan, P., (2015, 2011). Issues and ethics in the helping professions. Stamford, CT. Cengage Learning. Dutton, M. A., Dahlgren, S., Franco-Rahman, M., Martinez, M., Serrano, A., Mete, M. (2017). A holistic healing arts model for counselors, advocates, and lawyers serving trauma survivors: Joyful heart foundation retreat. Traumatology, 23(2), 143-152. doi:10.1037/trm0000109 Edmund, D.S., Bland, P.J., (2011). Organizing Support Groups. In Real Tools: Responding to Multi-Abuse Trauma (Chapter 17A). Retrieved from https://www.andvsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/17a-FULL-CHAPTER-Organizing-Support-Groups.pdf Jones-Smith, E. (2016). Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy: an integrative approach (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA. SAGE Publications, Inc. Logan, T. K., Walker, R. (2018). Looking into the day-to-day process of victim safety planning. Journal of Family Violence, 33(3), 197-211. doi:10.1007/s10896-018-9951-x Martins, M. M., Viegas, P., Mimoso, R., Pauncz, A., Toth, G., Hilemae, RCosgrove, S., (2008). The Power to Change. How to set up and run support groups for victims and survivors of domestic violence. Retrieved from https://vawnet.org/material/power-change-how-set-and-run-support-groups-victims-and-survivors-domestic-violence Saving Grace. (2011). Imagine Life without Violence: Domestic violence [Data file]. Retrieved from https://www.saving-grace.org/get-help/programs/resources/domestic-violence-resources/ Spencer, C., Mallory, A. B., Cafferky, B. M., Kimmes, J. G., Beck, A. R., Stith, S. M. (2017). Mental health factors and intimate partner violence perpetration and victimization: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Violence. doi:10.1037/vio0000156

The Early, High and Late Middle Ages

Although in some languages the Middle Ages are labeled in the singular (its le moyen age in French and das mittlere Alter in German), it is difficult to think of the era as anything other than ages plural. This is in part because of the numerous subjects encompassed by this long period of time, and in part because of the chronological sub-eras within the era. Generally, the medieval era is divided into three periods: the Early Middle Ages, the High Middle Ages, and the Late Middle Ages. Like the Middle Ages itself, each of these three periods lacks hard and fast parameters. Early Middle Ages The Early Medieval Era is sometimes still called the Dark Ages. This epithet originated with those who wanted to compare the earlier period unfavorably with their own so-called enlightened age. Modern scholars who have actually studied the time period would not so readily use the label, since passing judgment on the past interferes with a true understanding of the time and its people. Yet the term is still somewhat apt for the simple reason that we know relatively little about events and material culture in those times. This era is often considered, to begin with, the fall of Rome and end sometime in the 11th century. It encompasses the reigns of ​Charlemagne, Alfred the Great, and the Danish Kings of England; it saw frequent Viking activity, the Iconoclastic Controversy, and the birth and rapid expansion of Islam in Northern Africa and Spain. Over these centuries, Christianity spread throughout much of Europe, and the Papacy evolved into a powerful political entity. The Early Middle Ages are also sometimes referred to as Late Antiquity. This time period is usually viewed as beginning in the third century and stretching to the seventh century, and sometimes as late as the eighth. Some scholars see Late Antiquity as distinct and separate from both the Ancient world and the Medieval one; others see it as a bridge between the two where significant factors from both eras overlap. High Middle Ages The High Medieval Era is the period of time that seems to typify the Middle Ages best. Usually beginning with the 11th century, some scholars end it in 1300 and others extend it for as much as another 150 years. Even limiting it to a mere 300 years, the High Middle Ages saw such significant events as Norman conquests in Britain and Sicily, the earlier Crusades, the Investiture Controversy and the signing of the Magna Carta. By the end of the 11th century, nearly every corner of Europe had become Christianized (with the notable exception of much of Spain), and the Papacy, long established as a political force, was in constant struggle with some secular governments and alliance with others. This period is often what we think of when someone mentions medieval culture. It is sometimes referred to as the flowering of medieval society, thanks to an intellectual renaissance in the 12th century, such notable philosophers as Peter Abelard and Thomas Aquinas, and the establishment of such Universities as those in Paris, Oxford, and Bologna. There was an explosion of stone castle-building and the construction of some of the most magnificent cathedrals in Europe. In terms of material culture and political structure, the High Middle Ages saw medievalism at its peak. What we call feudalism today was firmly established in Britain and parts of Europe; trade in luxury items, as well as staples, flourished; towns were granted charters of privilege and even established anew by ​feudal lords with alacrity, and a well-fed population was beginning to burgeon. By the end of the thirteenth century, Europe was at an economic and cultural height, perched at the verge of a downturn.​ Late Middle Ages The end of the Middle Ages can be characterized as a transformation from the medieval world to the early modern one. It is often considered to begin in 1300, though some scholars look at the mid- to late-fifteenth century as the beginning of the end. Once again, the end of the end is debatable, ranging from 1500 to 1650. Cataclysmic and awesome events of the 14th century include the Hundred Years War, the Black Death, the Avignon Papacy, the Italian Renaissance, and the Peasants Revolt. The 15th century saw Joan of Arc burned at the stake, the fall of Constantinople to the Turks, the Moors were driven from Spain and the Jews expelled, the Wars of the Roses and the voyage of Columbus to the New World. The 16th century was wracked by the Reformation and blessed by the birth of Shakespeare. The 17th century, rarely included within the medieval era, saw the Great Fire of London, a rash of witch hunts, and the Thirty Years War. Though famine and disease had always been a lurking presence, the Late Medieval era saw the horrific results of both in abundance. The Black Death, preceded by famine and overpopulation, wiped out at least a third of Europe and marked the end of the prosperity that had characterized the high medieval era. The Church, once so highly respected by the general populace, suffered reduced status when some of its priests refused to minister to the dying during the plague and sparked resentment when it enjoyed enormous profits in bequests from plague victims. More and more towns and cities were wresting control of their own governments from the hands of the clergy or nobility that had previously ruled them. And the reduction in population triggered economic and political changes that would never be reversed. High medieval society had been characterized by the corporation. The nobility, the clergy, the peasantry, the guilds—all were group entities that saw to the welfare of their members but put the welfare of the community, and their own community in particular, first. Now, as was reflected in the Italian Renaissance, a new regard for the value of the individual was growing. By no means was late medieval nor early modern society a culture of equality, but the seeds of the idea of human rights had been sown. The viewpoints examined in the previous pages are by no means the only ways to look at the Middle Ages. Anyone studying a smaller geographical area, such as Great Britain or the Iberian Peninsula, will much more easily discover start- and end-dates for the era. Students of art, literature, sociology, militaria, and any number of subjects will each find specific turning points pertinent to their topic of interest. And I dont doubt that you, too, will see a particular event that strikes you as possessed of such towering importance that it defines the beginning or end of the medieval era for you. The comment has been made that all historical eras are arbitrary definitions and, therefore, how the Middle Ages is defined really has no significance. I believe that the true historian will find something lacking in this approach. Defining historical eras not only makes each era more accessible to the newcomer, it helps the serious student identify interrelated events, recognize patterns of cause and effect, understand the influence of a periods culture on those who lived within it and, ultimately, find a deeper meaning in the story of our past. So make your own choice, and reap the benefits of approaching the Middle Ages from your own unique perspective. Whether you are a serious scholar following the path of higher education or a devoted amateur like me, any conclusions you can support with facts will not only have validity but will help you make the Middle Ages your own. And do not be surprised if your view of Medieval times changes over the course of your studies. My own outlook has certainly evolved in the last 25 years, and will most likely continue to do so as long as the Middle Ages continues to hold me in its thrall.